primary vs secondary deviance

3 min read 01-10-2024

Deviance, defined as behavior that violates social norms, has long been a focus of sociological study. Among the key concepts in the study of deviance are primary deviance and secondary deviance. These terms were introduced by sociologist Edwin Lemert, and they help explain how individuals are labeled based on their actions. This article will delve into the differences between primary and secondary deviance, provide practical examples, and discuss the implications of these concepts for society.

What is Primary Deviance?

Primary deviance refers to the initial act of rule-breaking. This behavior may be temporary and may not have significant impact on an individual's self-identity or societal perception. It is often minor in nature and can arise from various circumstances such as peer pressure, social influence, or even experimental behavior.

Key Characteristics of Primary Deviance:

Temporary: Often a one-time occurrence or behavior.
Minimal impact: Does not substantially change the individual’s self-concept or societal perception.
Context-dependent: Frequently influenced by environmental factors and situational contexts.

Example of Primary Deviance

A teenager shoplifting a candy bar for the thrill of it can be seen as an act of primary deviance. This single act does not necessarily define their character or lead to a label; it may simply be viewed as an adolescent mistake.

What is Secondary Deviance?

In contrast, secondary deviance occurs when an individual begins to internalize a deviant label and adjusts their self-concept accordingly. After being labeled, individuals may engage in further deviant behavior as a means of conforming to that identity. This transition signifies a deeper integration of the deviant role into one's life.

Key Characteristics of Secondary Deviance:

Sustained behavior: Often involves a pattern of deviant actions following the initial label.
Identity shift: The individual adopts the deviant label, leading to a change in self-perception.
Reinforcement of deviant behavior: The social reactions to the label can perpetuate further deviance.

Example of Secondary Deviance

Continuing with the earlier example, if the teenager who shoplifted the candy bar is caught and labeled as a "thief," they may start to identify with this label. They might then engage in more thefts, viewing themselves as a "criminal." The societal response to their initial act can push them further into a deviant role.

Analyzing the Implications of Primary and Secondary Deviance

Understanding the distinction between primary and secondary deviance is crucial for grasping the complexities of deviant behavior. The label attached to an individual can profoundly affect their behavior and identity.

Social Repercussions

When someone is labeled as deviant, society often treats them accordingly. This treatment can lead to ostracism, discrimination, or even criminalization. The "self-fulfilling prophecy" effect can create a cycle where the individual continues to engage in deviant behavior due to societal rejection.

Practical Examples in Society

Consider how individuals labeled as "juvenile delinquents" may be treated by peers and adults. This labeling can lead to exclusion from normal social groups and influence the individual's future behavior. Programs focused on rehabilitation instead of punishment may help in breaking the cycle of secondary deviance by providing support and alternative identities.

Conclusion

The concepts of primary and secondary deviance serve as fundamental frameworks in understanding how individuals navigate societal norms and labels. Recognizing the differences can help in developing more effective social policies and rehabilitation programs. Addressing the root causes of deviance and providing support can aid in preventing the transition from primary to secondary deviance.

For those looking to delve deeper into the topic, exploring case studies of rehabilitation programs, sociological literature, and community impact reports can provide additional insights into combating the stigma associated with deviance.

References

Lemert, Edwin. (1951). Social Pathology: A Systematic Approach to the Study of Sociopathic Behavior.
Various academic articles from ScienceDirect on deviance and labeling theory.

By comprehending and addressing the dynamics of primary and secondary deviance, we can foster a more empathetic understanding of behavior and promote social cohesion.