copper sulfate pentahydrate formula

2 min read 08-10-2024

Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate: A Versatile Chemical Compound

Copper sulfate pentahydrate, also known as blue vitriol, is a fascinating chemical compound with a rich history and diverse applications. Its chemical formula, CuSO₄·5H₂O, reveals its composition: a single copper(II) ion (Cu²⁺) bonded to a sulfate anion (SO₄²⁻) and five water molecules. This article explores the properties, uses, and fascinating aspects of this vibrant blue compound.

What is Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate?

Copper sulfate pentahydrate is a crystalline solid with a striking deep blue color. It is highly soluble in water, forming a blue solution. The water molecules in the formula are not simply attached, but are an integral part of the crystal structure. These water molecules are responsible for the vivid color and play a crucial role in the compound's properties.

Uses of Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate

Copper sulfate pentahydrate is used in a wide variety of applications, ranging from agriculture to medicine.

1. Agriculture:

Fungicide and Algaecide: It acts as an effective fungicide and algaecide, controlling fungal diseases and algae growth in plants.
Fertilizer: While copper is essential for plant growth, too much can be harmful. Copper sulfate pentahydrate is used in trace amounts as a copper fertilizer.

2. Industry:

Electroplating: Copper sulfate pentahydrate is used in electroplating baths to deposit copper onto various surfaces.
Pigments and Dyes: The vibrant blue color makes it suitable for use in pigments and dyes.
Wood Preservation: Copper sulfate pentahydrate can be used to treat wood, protecting it from decay and insect infestation.

3. Other Applications:

Water Treatment: It can be used to control algae growth in water reservoirs and swimming pools.
Medicine: Copper sulfate pentahydrate has been used in some medications, though its use has been limited due to potential toxicity.

Properties and Safety

Appearance: Deep blue crystalline solid
Solubility: Highly soluble in water
Melting point: 110°C (230°F)
Toxicity: Copper sulfate pentahydrate is toxic if ingested or inhaled. Contact with skin or eyes can cause irritation.

Safety Precautions:

Always handle copper sulfate pentahydrate with care and wear appropriate protective gear.
Store it in a well-ventilated area, away from direct sunlight and moisture.
Keep it out of reach of children and pets.

Production of Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate

Copper sulfate pentahydrate is typically produced by reacting copper metal with sulfuric acid in the presence of air and water. The reaction involves oxidizing the copper to form copper(II) sulfate, which then crystallizes with five water molecules.

Cu + 2H₂SO₄ + O₂ → CuSO₄·5H₂O + 2H₂O

Fascinating Facts

Blue Vitriol: The common name "blue vitriol" comes from the vibrant blue color of the crystals and the use of the compound in medieval times.
Hydrated Crystals: The water molecules in the formula are not just present, they are crucial for the formation of the crystalline structure.
Dehydration: Upon heating, copper sulfate pentahydrate loses its water molecules, turning into a white powder (anhydrous copper sulfate).

Conclusion:

Copper sulfate pentahydrate is a remarkable chemical compound with a fascinating history and diverse applications. Its bright blue color, solubility, and versatile properties make it an important material in various industries. However, it's important to handle it with care due to its toxicity and follow safety precautions.

References:

"Copper sulfate pentahydrate" by Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/copper-sulfate-pentahydrate
"Copper sulfate" by PubChem. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/11394